Galvanizing steel construction

What is galvanizing? Galvanizing is a form of surface coating that protects steel particularly well against corrosion. In galvanizing, a thin layer of zinc is applied directly to metal using various methods. What advantages does galvanizing offer over painting? While ordinary coatings such as paints or powder coatings protect a component by preventing a reaction with oxygen (oxidation), galvanizing also offers cathodic corrosion protection. This means that the steel is protected from corrosion even in the case of minor damage such as scratches, cuts, drill holes or edges. Galvanized steel can withstand the elements for many years without any problems, and even minor damage has no effect on the stability of the steel. However, with painted components, damage must be repaired to prevent rust perforation. What is meant by cathodic corrosion protection? The zinc in the coating is less noble than the underlying steel structure. The zinc layer therefore acts as a so-called sacrificial anode, which oxidizes first. This ensures that the underlying steel structure is protected from corrosion until the zinc layer is used up. This protection remains even if the surface is damaged and lasts a very long time. Can galvanized components rust? Galvanizing offers very good corrosion protection, but rust can still occur over time. The following points should be observed when using galvanized components: To avoid corrosion, larger surface damages should be reworked. Zinc dust paint can be used for this. The environment of the components influences the lifespan of the zinc coating. Moisture or salts increase conductivity and promote corrosion. This is particularly important to pay attention to in coastal regions. Contact corrosion is also promoted by higher conductivity of the environment. To prevent contact corrosion, the electrochemical potential must be taken into account when selecting connecting elements and when using different materials. One problematic aspect is the combination with copper or stainless steel. The mass of the zinc layer also plays a role as a sacrificial anode. Stainless steel screws for fastening a galvanized sheet are generally unproblematic; however, if a stainless steel sheet is fastened with a galvanized screw, corrosion will occur. Further details on professional galvanizing and the handling of galvanized steel structures can be found in the standards attached at the end of the text. What galvanizing processes are there? Hot-dip galvanizing: In hot-dip galvanizing, the steel structure or components are immersed in a bath of liquid zinc. The temperature of the zinc is approximately... 450 ° C. The zinc layer thicknesses range between 50 and 150 micrometers. In continuous strip galvanizing plants, such as those used for galvanizing steel sheets or pipes, significantly thinner zinc layers are produced. Large components are individually suspended and immersed in the zinc bath. Small components are centrifugally galvanized. The components are immersed in the zinc bath in baskets, and then the excess zinc is separated in a centrifuge. How hot-dip galvanizing works can be seen in the accompanying explanatory video about hot-dip galvanizing from the Institute for Hot-Dip Galvanizing. What needs to be considered during hot-dip galvanizing? For hot-dip galvanizing, the components must be professionally prepared. It must be ensured that the liquid zinc reaches all parts of the component and can also flow away again. Inlet and ventilation openings are drilled for this purpose. The components must also be clean before galvanizing. Paints, oils and other residues must be completely removed. The cleaning can also be carried out at the galvanizing plant. Deformation can occur due to heating. This is particularly problematic with welded components, as well as with thin-walled and large-area sheet metal. Tight tolerances therefore require rework. Threads must be recut after galvanizing. In hot-dip galvanizing, the parts are immersed in a bath of liquid zinc. It is perfectly normal for the zinc coating thickness to vary. The surface is not comparable to a painted surface. Defects may occur due to the manufacturing process, which must be tolerated in accordance with the EN ISO 1461 standard. Sharp edges and depressions are particularly problematic. Hot-dip galvanized components can then also be powder-coated or painted. To achieve a good surface quality, they must be refinished after galvanizing. Fine plastering eliminates imperfections and smooths the surface. In order for the paint to adhere to the zinc layer, the surface must be chemically treated. Where can you find suppliers of hot-dip galvanizing? On the directory Stahlbau-Lieferant.de you will find several suppliers of hot-dip galvanizing services from Austria and Eastern Europe. A list of hot-dip galvanizing plants in Germany can be found at the German Hot-Dip Galvanizing Association (Industrieverband Feuerverzinken). To keep transport costs for galvanizing low, it is recommended to choose a galvanizing plant near the supplier or near the customer. Electroplating: In electroplating, the components are not immersed in a molten zinc bath, but in an electrolyte bath. The steel structure or components serve as the cathode in electroplating. The anode is made of pure zinc. By applying a voltage, a layer of zinc is deposited on the steel structure. The thickness of this zinc layer can be controlled by the duration of the process. However, the zinc layer is not uniformly thick everywhere. This typically results in layer thicknesses between 5 and 40 micrometers, significantly less than with hot-dip galvanizing. Corrosion protection through electroplating is therefore generally inferior to hot-dip galvanizing, but the process also offers many advantages. What are the differences between electrogalvanizing and hot-dip galvanizing? Due to the thinness of the zinc layer, the dimensional accuracy of the components is better with electrogalvanizing than with hot-dip galvanizing. Threads do not need to be reworked when galvanizing. Electroplating can also be used for temperature-sensitive workpieces. During hot-dip galvanizing, these would warp due to the heat. To further improve corrosion protection, the components can be chromated or powder-coated. Hot-dip galvanizing offers significantly better corrosion protection compared to electroplating. When it comes to the corrosion resistance of simple components, hot-dip galvanizing is the best choice. If the components need to be precise or have a surface that is as uniform as possible, electroplating with zinc is more suitable. For components that are highly prone to warping, electroplating with zinc is also advantageous. Zinc spraying: In zinc spraying, zinc wire is melted and applied to the workpiece using compressed air, similar to painting. The layer thicknesses are similar to those of hot-dip galvanizing and range between 80 and 150 micrometers. Key disadvantages are that it cannot be used in cavities and that the workload is comparatively high. However, spray galvanizing can also be used on components that are not suitable for hot-dip galvanizing, and it can also be carried out directly on construction sites. Zinc spraying requires no drying time because the zinc solidifies immediately. In hot-dip galvanizing, the size of the components depends on the dimensions of the zinc bath. Many galvanizing plants can only galvanize components up to 8m in length, some up to 15m. Spray galvanizing can also be used to coat components that are too large for hot-dip galvanizing. The layer thickness can be individually adjusted during spray galvanizing. A component can have a greater layer thickness at important points. How much does galvanizing cost in 2023? The cost of galvanizing depends on the specific process. In general, in an industrial setting, costs of €0,25 - €0,6 per kg of finished steel construction can be expected for components made from profiles or tubes. Galvanizing smaller components is significantly more expensive. Private users with small quantities should also expect significantly higher prices. For thin-walled components, such as sheet metal, the price also depends on the geometry. A more detailed cost estimate can be found under the respective procedures. There are also transport costs and costs for the preparation and follow-up of the components. Compared to alternative materials and processes, galvanizing is very attractive in the long term. Galvanized components cost less than stainless steel components, and the corrosion protection provided by galvanizing is higher than that of painted components. Especially for outdoor applications, galvanizing is often the most cost-effective alternative in the long run. This article also includes examples of the price per kg of steel construction for various components. Costs for hot-dip galvanizing: The costs for hot-dip galvanizing depend on the order volume and the size and complexity of the components. Furthermore, the prices for galvanizing are heavily dependent on energy costs and the price of zinc. Currently, the price of zinc is very high, which is why many galvanizing plants had to raise their prices in 2022. Prices for hot-dip galvanizing very heavy steel structures start at approximately... 0,40 €/kg. For lightweight steel construction in an industrial environment, one kilogram of hot-dip galvanizing costs approximately... 0,60€. Centrifugal galvanizing for smaller components under 3kg costs approximately... for industrial customers. 1,30€/kg. For small quantities for private customers you have to expect prices of more than 1€/kg. Additional costs of €0,20 - €0,30/kg should be expected for the final plastering. Costs for hot spray galvanizing: The costs for hot spray galvanizing are approximately... 10-12€/m². Additional costs include those for the preceding sandblasting. These depend very much on the surface properties and the component geometry. Furthermore, the components must be coated or painted after hot-dip galvanizing. The labor involved in hot spray zinc plating is very high, therefore labor costs are a crucial factor in hot spray zinc plating. Costs for electroplating: The costs for electroplating depend primarily on the layer thickness and start at around €0,25/kg. In many applications, electroplating is cheaper than hot-dip galvanizing. However, for the same layer thickness, electroplating is much more expensive than hot-dip galvanizing. Is galvanizing cheaper abroad? Unlike welding, the costs of galvanizing abroad are generally not lower than in Western Europe, so painted structures are significantly cheaper than galvanized structures in these countries. In Western Europe, the opposite is true; galvanized steel components usually cost less than painted ones. Self-galvanizing components, building your own electroplating systems: For craft supplies and small parts like jewelry, there are DIY kits for electroplating at home. These are usually used for silver or gold plating, but with the appropriate electrolytes and a suitable zinc anode they are also suitable for zinc plating. Besides electroplating baths, there are also simpler hand-held electroplating devices. Zinc dust paint or liquid zinc are simple ways to retrofit or repair cathodic corrosion protection. It is a primer containing fine zinc particles. This zinc dust provides the corrosion-inhibiting properties. They are available both as paintable coatings and as practical zinc sprays. When using sprays, it should be noted that the zinc coating thickness is less. The cost for galvanizing railings is approximately... €0,65 per kg. The price also depends on the surface finish. The larger the surface area of the component, the more zinc is required. Railings made of wide flat bars have a fairly large surface area of approximately... Galvanizing is usually charged by weight per square meter, powder coating by the surface area of the components. Powder coating costs approximately... on an industrial scale. 15-20€/m2. A price example for a steel beam (support HEA400 with stiffening plates and end plate, length: approx. 4,5m. Weight: 620 kg, Surface area: 14 m²): Galvanizing: 620 kg x €0,40/kg €248 Fine plastering: 620 kg x €0,25/kg €155 Powder coating: 14 m² x €17,50/m² €245 Total: €648 Transport costs will be added if galvanizing and powder coating are not carried out in the same facility. These guide prices are for projects starting at approximately 20 tons. For individual supports, the costs would be significantly higher. Yellow zinc plating is not actually a separate zinc plating process. In yellow zinc plating, the parts are first electroplated with zinc and then chromated. This further improves corrosion protection. Yellow zinc-plated components are used for screws and furniture fittings, in mechanical engineering, electrical appliances and in automotive engineering. Yellow zinc plating is rarely used in steel construction. Here you will find a very good video about yellow zinc plating. Further reading on the galvanizing of steel: Maaß, Peter / Peißker, Peter Handbook of Hot-Dip Galvanizing 4. 2016 edition Wiley-VCH, Weinheim Sources DIN EN ISO 1461 - Hot-dip galvanized zinc coatings on steel (batch galvanizing) - Requirements and testing - and related Annex 1 DIN EN ISO 14713 - Protection of iron and steel structures against corrosion - Zinc and aluminium coatings - Guide DIN EN 2063 - Thermal spraying - Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Zinc, aluminium and their alloys (ISO 2063:2005) COST EFFECTIVE GALVANISING IN REMOTE AREAS - Mr. Stuart Anthony McInally – University of Queensland 2013 Wikipedia %3C%21--%20Begin%20Mailchimp%20Signup%20Form%20--%3E%0A%3Clink%20href%3D%22%2F%2Fcdn-images.mailchimp.com%2Fembedcode%2Fclassic-10_7_dtp.css%22%20rel%3D%22stylesheet%22%20type%3D%22text%2Fcss%22%3E%0A%3Cstyle%20type%3D%22text%2Fcss%22%3E%0A%09%23mc_embed_signup%7Bbackground%3A%23fff%3B%20clear%3Aleft%3B%20font%3A14px%20Helvetica%2CArial%2Csans-serif%3B%20%7D%0A%09%2F%2A%20Add%20your%20own%20Mailchimp%20form%20style%20overrides%20in%20your%20site%20stylesheet%20or%20in%20this%20style%20block.%0A%09%20%20%20We%20recommend%20moving%20this%20block%20and%20the%20preceding%20CSS%20link%20to%20the%20HEAD%20of%20your%20HTML%20file.%20%2A%2F%0A%3C%2Fstyle%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20id%3D%22mc_embed_signup%22%3E%0A%3Cform%20action%3D%22https%3A%2F%2Fjactio.us16.list-manage.com%2Fsubscribe%2Fpost%3Fu%3D645b637a55d3039d0e497a3bf%26amp%3Bid%3D8f1147b1a5%22%20method%3D%22post%22%20id%3D%22mc-embedded-subscribe-form%22%20name%3D%22mc-embedded-subscribe-form%22%20class%3D%22validate%22%20target%3D%22_blank%22%20novalidate%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20id%3D%22mc_embed_signup_scroll%22%3E%0A%09%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indicates-required%22%3E%3Cspan%20class%3D%22asterisk%22%3E%2A%3C%2Fspan%3E%20indicates%20required%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22mc-field-group%22%3E%0A%09%3Clabel%20for%3D%22mce-EMAIL%22%3EEmail%20Adresse%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22asterisk%22%3E%2A%3C%2Fspan%3E%0A%3C%2Flabel%3E%0A%09%3Cinput%20type%3D%22email%22%20value%3D%22%22%20name%3D%22EMAIL%22%20class%3D%22required%20email%22%20id%3D%22mce-EMAIL%22%3E%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22mc-field-group%22%3E%0A%09%3Clabel%20for%3D%22mce-FNAME%22%3EVorname%20%3C%2Flabel%3E%0A%09%3Cinput%20type%3D%22text%22%20value%3D%22%22%20name%3D%22FNAME%22%20class%3D%22%22%20id%3D%22mce-FNAME%22%3E%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22mc-field-group%22%3E%0A%09%3Clabel%20for%3D%22mce-LNAME%22%3ENachname%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22asterisk%22%3E%2A%3C%2Fspan%3E%0A%3C%2Flabel%3E%0A%09%3Cinput%20type%3D%22text%22%20value%3D%22%22%20name%3D%22LNAME%22%20class%3D%22required%22%20id%3D%22mce-LNAME%22%3E%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22mc-field-group%20input-group%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cstrong%3EEinwilligung%20%3C%2Fstrong%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cul%3E%3Cli%3E%3Cinput%20type%3D%22checkbox%22%20value%3D%221%22%20name%3D%22group%5B6509%5D%5B1%5D%22%20id%3D%22mce-group%5B6509%5D-6509-0%22%3E%3Clabel%20for%3D%22mce-group%5B6509%5D-6509-0%22%3EHiermit%20willige%20ich%20ein%2C%20den%20Newsletter%20von%20Jactio.com%20zu%20erhalten%3C%2Flabel%3E%3C%2Fli%3E%0A%3C%2Ful%3E%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%09%3Cdiv%20id%3D%22mce-responses%22%20class%3D%22clear%20foot%22%3E%0A%09%09%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22response%22%20id%3D%22mce-error-response%22%20style%3D%22display%3Anone%22%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%09%09%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22response%22%20id%3D%22mce-success-response%22%20style%3D%22display%3Anone%22%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%09%3C%2Fdiv%3E%20%20%20%20%3C%21--%20real%20people%20should%20not%20fill%20this%20in%20and%20expect%20good%20things%20-%20do%20not%20remove%20this%20or%20risk%20form%20bot%20signups--%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22position%3A%20absolute%3B%20left%3A%20-5000px%3B%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%3Cinput%20type%3D%22text%22%20name%3D%22b_645b637a55d3039d0e497a3bf_8f1147b1a5%22%20tabindex%3D%22-1%22%20value%3D%22%22%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22optionalParent%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22clear%20foot%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cinput%20type%3D%22submit%22%20value%3D%22Subscribe%22%20name%3D%22subscribe%22%20id%3D%22mc-embedded-subscribe%22%20class%3D%22button%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cp%20class%3D%22brandingLogo%22%3E%3Ca%20href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Feepurl.com%2FhTdyS9%22%20title%3D%22Mailchimp%20-%20email%20marketing%20made%20easy%20and%20fun%22%3E%3Cimg%20src%3D%22https%3A%2F%2Feep.io%2Fmc-cdn-images%2Ftemplate_images%2Fbranding_logo_text_dark_dtp.svg%22%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3C%2Fform%3E%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cscript%20type%3D%27text%2Fjavascript%27%20src%3D%27%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Fdownloads.mailchimp.com%2Fjs%2Fmc-validate.js%27%3E%3C%2Fscript%3E%3Cscript%20type%3D%27text%2Fjavascript%27%3E%28function%28%24%29%20%7Bwindow.fnames%20%3D%20new%20Array%28%29%3B%20window.ftypes%20%3D%20new%20Array%28%29%3Bfnames%5B0%5D%3D%27EMAIL%27%3Bftypes%5B0%5D%3D%27email%27%3Bfnames%5B5%5D%3D%27ANREDE%27%3Bftypes%5B5%5D%3D%27dropdown%27%3Bfnames%5B1%5D%3D%27FNAME%27%3Bftypes%5B1%5D%3D%27text%27%3Bfnames%5B2%5D%3D%27LNAME%27%3Bftypes%5B2%5D%3D%27text%27%3Bfnames%5B4%5D%3D%27PHONE%27%3Bftypes%5B4%5D%3D%27phone%27%3B%20%2F%2A%0A%20%2A%20Translated%20default%20messages%20for%20the%20%24%20validation%20plugin.%0A%20%2A%20Locale%3A%20DE%0A%20%2A%2F%0A%24.extend%28%24.validator.messages%2C%20%7B%0A%09required%3A%20%22Dieses%20Feld%20ist%20ein%20Pflichtfeld.%22%2C%0A%09maxlength%3A%20%24.validator.format%28%22Geben%20Sie%20bitte%20maximal%20%7B0%7D%20Zeichen%20ein.%22%29%2C%0A%09minlength%3A%20%24.validator.format%28%22Geben%20Sie%20bitte%20mindestens%20%7B0%7D%20Zeichen%20ein.%22%29%2C%0A%09rangelength%3A%20%24.validator.format%28%22Geben%20Sie%20bitte%20mindestens%20%7B0%7D%20und%20maximal%20%7B1%7D%20Zeichen%20ein.%22%29%2C%0A%09email%3A%20%22Geben%20Sie%20bitte%20eine%20g%C3%BCltige%20E-Mail%20Adresse%20ein.%22%2C%0A%09url%3A%20%22Geben%20Sie%20bitte%20eine%20g%C3%BCltige%20URL%20ein.%22%2C%0A%09date%3A%20%22Bitte%20geben%20Sie%20ein%20g%C3%BCltiges%20Datum%20ein.%22%2C%0A%09number%3A%20%22Geben%20Sie%20bitte%20eine%20Nummer%20ein.%22%2C%0A%09digits%3A%20%22Geben%20Sie%20bitte%20nur%20Ziffern%20ein.%22%2C%0A%09equalTo%3A%20%22Bitte%20denselben%20Wert%20wiederholen.%22%2C%0A%09range%3A%20%24.validator.format%28%22Geben%20Sie%20bitten%20einen%20Wert%20zwischen%20%7B0%7D%20und%20%7B1%7D.%22%29%2C%0A%09max%3A%20%24.validator.format%28%22Geben%20Sie%20bitte%20einen%20Wert%20kleiner%20oder%20gleich%20%7B0%7D%20ein.%22%29%2C%0A%09min%3A%20%24.validator.format%28%22Geben%20Sie%20bitte%20einen%20Wert%20gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fer%20oder%20gleich%20%7B0%7D%20ein.%22%29%2C%0A%09creditcard%3A%20%22Geben%20Sie%20bitte%20ein%20g%C3%BCltige%20Kreditkarten-Nummer%20ein.%22%0A%7D%29%3B%7D%28jQuery%29%29%3Bvar%20%24mcj%20%3D%20jQuery.noConflict%28true%29%3B%3C%2Fscript%3E%0A%3C%21--End%20mc_embed_signup--%3E Über den Author

Galvanizing – process and costs in comparison